BNC601 – CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Section-Wise Solved Answers (2024–25)
SECTION A
Attempt all questions in brief (2 × 7 = 14 marks)
(a) How important is the Indian Constitution for India?
The Indian Constitution is the supreme law of the country and forms the foundation of India’s political, legal, and administrative system. It defines the structure of government, distributes powers among different organs, and protects the rights and freedoms of citizens. It ensures democracy, equality, justice, and unity in a diverse country like India.
(b) List all the Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of India along with articles.
The Fundamental Rights are:
Right to Equality (Articles 14–18), Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22), Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24), Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28), Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30), and Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32).
(c) Explain Fundamental Duties as envisaged in the Indian Constitution.
Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment. They are moral obligations of citizens such as respecting the Constitution, national flag and anthem, promoting harmony, protecting the environment, and developing scientific temper. Though not legally enforceable, they promote responsible citizenship.
(d) Compare the powers of Indian President with the American President.
The Indian President is a nominal executive and acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers, whereas the American President is the real executive with independent powers. The Indian President has limited discretionary powers, while the American President has extensive authority over administration and legislation.
(e) What are Directive Principles of State Policy?
Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines given to the government to establish social and economic democracy. They aim at welfare of people, reduction of inequality, and promotion of justice. Though not enforceable by courts, they are fundamental in governance.
(f) Elaborate local administration in India with its structure and functions.
Local administration in India includes Panchayati Raj Institutions in rural areas and Municipalities in urban areas. Panchayats operate at village, block, and district levels, while municipalities manage cities and towns. Their functions include development planning, public health, sanitation, education, and local infrastructure.
(g) What do you mean by federal system?
A federal system is a system of government where powers are divided between the central government and state governments. In India, the Constitution provides a federal structure with a strong central authority, dividing powers through Union, State, and Concurrent Lists.
SECTION B
Attempt any three (7 × 3 = 21 marks)
(a) Explain the composition and functions of Rajya Sabha.
Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of Parliament. It consists of members elected by State Legislative Assemblies and nominated members appointed by the President. It represents the interests of states. Its functions include law-making, approving budgets, and playing a key role in constitutional amendments.
(b) Explain Indian judicial structure.
The Indian judicial system has a hierarchical structure. At the top is the Supreme Court, followed by High Courts at the state level, and Subordinate Courts at district and lower levels. The judiciary ensures justice, interprets laws, and protects fundamental rights.
(c) State importance of Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 in India.
The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 aims to combat corruption in public offices. Lokpal deals with corruption cases against central government officials, while Lokayukta handles state-level cases. The Act promotes transparency, accountability, and clean governance.
(d) What are the basic ingredients required for customs to become law?
For customs to become law, there must be a long-standing practice, continuity, reasonableness, acceptance by society, and consistency with public policy. Customs should not be immoral or opposed to statutory laws.
(e) What is PIL?
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) allows individuals or groups to approach courts for protection of public interest. It ensures justice for marginalized sections and addresses issues like environmental protection, human rights, and social justice.
SECTION C
Attempt any one (7 × 1 = 7 marks)
(a) How does District Consumer Forum work? Discuss its advantages.
District Consumer Forum resolves disputes between consumers and service providers at the district level. Consumers can file complaints regarding defective goods or deficient services. Advantages include quick disposal, low cost, and simplified procedures, making justice accessible to common people.
(b) What is meant by Arbitration? Explain the rights of arbitrators.
Arbitration is an alternative dispute resolution method where disputes are settled outside courts by arbitrators. Arbitrators have rights to conduct proceedings, examine evidence, award decisions, and receive fees as agreed by parties.
