CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, LAW AND ENGINEERING – KNC601
Section-wise Important Questions & Ready Answers
SECTION A
(Attempt all – 1 mark each)
(a) Meaning of Constitutional Law
Constitutional law refers to the body of laws that define the structure, powers, and functions of the organs of government and regulate the relationship between the state and its citizens according to the Constitution.
(b) Defects of Government of India Act, 1935
The Act lacked sovereignty, gave excessive powers to the Governor-General, failed to provide full federal autonomy, and did not ensure fundamental rights to citizens.
(c) Appointment of Judges in the Supreme Court
Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and other senior judges as per the collegium system.
(d) Main Function of the President of India
The President is the ceremonial head of the state and acts as the guardian of the Constitution, ensuring the smooth functioning of the constitutional system.
(e) Source of Law and Court Structure
The sources of law include the Constitution, statutes enacted by Parliament and State Legislatures, judicial precedents, and customs. Courts interpret and enforce these laws.
(f) Law Enacted by Parliament
The law enacted by Parliament is known as statutory law or legislation and applies uniformly across India on subjects listed in the Union and Concurrent Lists.
(g) Primary Sources of Law
The primary sources of law are the Constitution, legislation, judicial decisions, and customs.
(h) Digital Signature
A digital signature is an electronic authentication technique used to verify the identity of the sender and ensure the integrity of digital documents.
(i) What Makes Patents Legal
Patents are made legal through registration under the Patents Act, 1970, after fulfilling conditions of novelty, inventive step, and industrial applicability.
(j) Appointment of Cyber Appellate Tribunal Chairperson
The Chairperson of the Cyber Appellate Tribunal is appointed by the Central Government.
SECTION B
(Attempt any three – 5 marks each)
2(a) Features of Government of India Act, 1935
The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced a federal structure with provincial autonomy. It provided for a bicameral legislature at the center, separation of powers, and establishment of the Federal Court. However, real power remained with British authorities, making it an incomplete federal system.
2(b) Powers and Functions of the President of India
The President exercises executive powers through the Council of Ministers, legislative powers such as summoning Parliament and giving assent to bills, judicial powers including granting pardons, and emergency powers under national, state, and financial emergencies.
2(c) Functions of the Legislative Assembly
The Legislative Assembly makes laws for the state, controls state finances, discusses public issues, passes budgets, and holds the executive accountable through questions and debates.
2(d) Intellectual Property and Its Protection
Intellectual Property refers to creations of the human mind such as inventions, designs, and literary works. It must be protected to encourage innovation, reward creativity, prevent misuse, and promote economic growth.
2(e) Role of E-Governance in India
E-governance improves transparency, accountability, and efficiency in public services by using digital platforms. It reduces corruption, saves time, and enhances citizen participation in governance.
SECTION C
3(a) Salient Features of the Indian Constitution
The Indian Constitution is the longest written constitution in the world. It establishes a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. It provides fundamental rights, directive principles, independent judiciary, federal structure with unitary bias, and universal adult franchise.
3(b) Federal Constitution with Unitary Features
Although India follows a federal system with division of powers between the center and states, it has strong unitary features such as a single constitution, single citizenship, integrated judiciary, and emergency provisions, making it quasi-federal in nature.
4(a) Importance of the President of India
The President symbolizes national unity and acts as the ceremonial head of state. As guardian of the Constitution, the President ensures that governance is carried out within constitutional limits.
4(b) Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
The Act provides for the establishment of Lokpal at the center and Lokayuktas in states to investigate corruption cases against public officials. It aims to promote transparency and accountability in governance.
5(a) Structure of the Indian Judicial System
The Indian judicial system consists of the Supreme Court at the apex, followed by High Courts at the state level, and subordinate courts including district and magistrate courts at the lower level.
5(b) Consumer Protection Act, 2019
The Act aims to protect consumer rights, provide speedy redressal, establish Consumer Commissions, regulate e-commerce, and promote fair trade practices.
6(a) Opposition to Grant of Patents
Opposition to patents can be filed before or after grant on grounds such as lack of novelty, obviousness, non-patentable subject matter, or wrongful disclosure.
6(b) Enforcement of Patent Rights
Patent rights are enforced through civil suits, injunctions, damages, and administrative remedies provided under the Patents Act to prevent infringement.
7(a) Objectives and Features of IT Act, 2000
The IT Act, 2000 provides legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures, facilitates e-commerce, ensures cybersecurity, and prescribes penalties for cyber crimes.
7(b) Role of Emerging Technologies in Judiciary
Technologies like AI, blockchain, and e-courts improve case management, reduce delays, enhance transparency, and make justice more accessible and efficient.
