CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, LAW & ENGINEERING – KNC-601
Section-wise Important Questions & Ready Answers
SECTION A
(Attempt all questions – 2 marks each)
(a) Mountbatten Plan
The Mountbatten Plan, announced on 3 June 1947, provided for the partition of British India into two independent dominions—India and Pakistan. It led to the transfer of power and independence on 15 August 1947.
(b) Judicial Review
Judicial Review is the power of the judiciary to examine the constitutionality of laws and government actions and declare them invalid if they violate the Constitution.
(c) Tort
A tort is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss to a person, for which the law provides a remedy in the form of damages, independent of contract or criminal liability.
(d) Preamble
The Preamble is the introductory part of the Indian Constitution that states its objectives, values, and guiding principles, such as justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
(e) Types of Shares
Shares are mainly classified into equity shares and preference shares. Preference shares further include cumulative, non-cumulative, redeemable, and convertible shares.
(f) President’s Rule
President’s Rule refers to the suspension of a state government under Article 356 when constitutional machinery fails, and the state is governed directly by the President through the Governor.
(g) Digital Signature and Its Importance
A digital signature is an electronic authentication technique used to verify the identity of the sender and ensure data integrity. It is important for secure online transactions and legal validity of electronic documents.
(h) Partnership Deed
A partnership deed is a legal document that defines the terms and conditions of a partnership, including profit sharing, duties, and responsibilities of partners.
(i) Common Law
Common law is a legal system based on judicial decisions and precedents rather than written statutes, originally developed in England.
(j) Industrial Alienation
Industrial alienation refers to the feeling of dissatisfaction or detachment of workers from their work due to poor working conditions, lack of recognition, or job insecurity.
SECTION B
(Attempt any three – 10 marks each)
2(a) Salient Features of the Indian Constitution
The Indian Constitution is written and the longest in the world. It provides a federal structure with a strong central government, parliamentary system, independent judiciary, fundamental rights, directive principles, and a secular and democratic framework ensuring unity and integrity of the nation.
2(b) Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution and include Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies. These rights protect individual liberty and promote social justice.
2(c) Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
PIL allows any individual or organization to approach the court for protection of public interest. It can be filed by submitting a petition in the High Court or Supreme Court, often even through a letter, especially in matters affecting weaker sections.
2(d) Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013
This Act aims to combat corruption by establishing Lokpal at the central level and Lokayuktas at the state level. These bodies investigate complaints against public officials and ensure transparency and accountability in governance.
2(e) Memorandum vs Articles of Association
The Memorandum of Association defines the scope and objectives of a company, while the Articles of Association regulate its internal management and day-to-day operations.
SECTION C
3(a) Powers and Functions of the Chief Minister
The Chief Minister is the real executive head of the state. He appoints ministers, allocates portfolios, advises the Governor, formulates state policies, and leads the legislative assembly.
3(b) Local Self-Government in India
Local self-government includes Panchayati Raj institutions in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas. It promotes democratic participation, decentralization, and efficient local administration.
