IoT ARCHITECTURE AND PROTOCOLS (KOT-601)
Important Questions & Answers – Section-wise
SECTION A
(Attempt all questions – 2 × 10 = 20 marks)
(a) Outline of IoT architecture
IoT architecture defines how devices, networks, data processing, and applications interact. It typically consists of sensing layer for data collection, network layer for data transmission, processing layer for storage and analytics, and application layer for user interaction and decision making.
(b) Everything as a Service (XaaS)
XaaS refers to delivering computing services over the internet instead of local infrastructure. In IoT, services such as sensing, data storage, analytics, and platforms are provided on demand, improving scalability and reducing cost.
(c) Difference between functional view and information view
The functional view focuses on system components and their interactions, while the information view focuses on data structure, data flow, and data processing throughout the IoT system.
(d) Requirement of IoT protocol standardization
Standardization ensures interoperability between devices from different manufacturers, improves security, reduces complexity, and enables large-scale deployment of IoT systems.
(e) Why IoT systems must be self-adapting and self-configuring
IoT environments are dynamic. Devices join or leave networks frequently, so systems must automatically configure themselves and adapt to changes without human intervention.
(f) WirelessHART
WirelessHART is a wireless communication standard designed for industrial automation. It provides secure, reliable, and real-time communication using mesh networking.
(g) Zigbee
Zigbee is a low-power, low-data-rate wireless protocol used in IoT applications like home automation, smart lighting, and sensor networks.
(h) Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
CoAP is a lightweight application-layer protocol designed for constrained IoT devices. It uses REST architecture and operates over UDP to reduce overhead.
(i) Characteristics of IoT
IoT systems are scalable, intelligent, self-configuring, heterogeneous, dynamic, and capable of real-time data processing.
(j) Role of RPL in IoT
RPL is a routing protocol designed for low-power and lossy networks. It enables efficient routing in IPv6-based IoT networks by forming directed acyclic graphs.
SECTION B
(Attempt any THREE – 10 × 3 = 30 marks)
Q2(a) Security in IoT and its requirements
Security is critical in IoT due to sensitive data exchange and device exposure. IoT security includes authentication, authorization, encryption, data integrity, privacy protection, and secure firmware updates. Weak security can lead to data theft and system misuse.
Q2(b) Relationship between M2M and IoT
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) focuses on direct device communication, while IoT integrates devices with cloud platforms, analytics, and applications. IoT is broader and more scalable than M2M.
Q2(c) Business model scenario for IoT
IoT business models include device sales, subscription services, data-driven services, platform-as-a-service, and outcome-based models. Companies generate revenue by providing real-time insights and automation.
Q2(d) Real-world and technical design constraints
Real-world constraints include power limitations, environmental conditions, cost, and scalability. Technical constraints include limited memory, low processing power, network reliability, and security challenges.
Q2(e) Transport and session layer protocols
Transport protocols like TCP and UDP handle data transmission reliability. Session layer protocols manage communication sessions, authentication, and synchronization between IoT devices and servers.
SECTION C
Q3(a) Design principles and capabilities of IoT
IoT design principles include scalability, interoperability, security, reliability, and energy efficiency. Required capabilities include data sensing, communication, analytics, device management, and automation.
Q3(b) Application of IoT in home automation
IoT enables smart homes by controlling lighting, security, appliances, and energy usage remotely. Sensors collect data and cloud platforms process it to automate tasks and improve comfort.
Q4(a) MQTT protocol and its role in IoT
MQTT is a lightweight publish-subscribe protocol designed for low-bandwidth networks. It enables efficient message exchange between devices and servers, making it ideal for IoT applications.
Q4(b) IoT reference model and architecture
IoT reference model defines layers such as device, gateway, data management, and application layers. It helps in designing scalable and interoperable IoT systems.
Q5(a) IoT Data Link and Network layer protocols
Data link protocols like IEEE 802.15.4 manage medium access, while network layer protocols like IPv6 and RPL handle addressing and routing in IoT networks.
Q5(b) 6LoWPAN and its types
6LoWPAN enables IPv6 communication over low-power wireless networks. It supports header compression and fragmentation, making IP feasible for constrained devices.
Q6(a) IoT protocol stack and disadvantages
IoT protocol stack includes perception, transport, processing, and application layers. Disadvantages of IoT include security risks, privacy issues, complexity, and high initial setup cost.
Q6(b) Identity management in IoT
Identity management ensures unique identification and authentication of IoT devices. Techniques include certificate-based identity and token-based authentication.
Q7(a) XMPP and AMQP protocols
XMPP supports real-time messaging and presence information, while AMQP is used for reliable message queuing. Both are used in enterprise-level IoT communication.
Q7(b) Short notes
(i) IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
It is a low-power MAC protocol used in IoT wireless networks for short-range communication.
(ii) Application Layer
The application layer provides user-specific services such as monitoring, control, and analytics in IoT systems.
