KHU702 – PROJECT MANAGEMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP
B.Tech (SEM VII) – Theory Examination
Complete Solved Answers
SECTION A
(Attempt all questions in brief – 2 × 10 = 20 marks)
a. Define the term ‘Intrapreneur’.
An intrapreneur is an employee within an organization who behaves like an entrepreneur by developing innovative ideas, products, or processes while working inside the organization.
b. State entrepreneurial traits.
Entrepreneurial traits include: Risk-taking ability
Creativity and innovation Leadership
Self-confidence
c. Write any two roles of innovation in developing entrepreneurship.
Innovation helps entrepreneurs:
Develop new products and services
Gain competitive advantage in the market
d. What do you understand by product innovation?
Product innovation refers to the introduction of new or improved products to meet customer needs, enhance quality, and increase market competitiveness.
e. Define environmental appraisal.
Environmental appraisal is the systematic analysis of external factors such as economic, social, political, and technological conditions that affect a project or business.
f. What is forecasting?
Forecasting is the process of predicting future events or trends based on past and present data to support planning and decision-making.
g. What is risk and uncertainty in project evaluation?
Risk refers to measurable uncertainty with known probabilities, while uncertainty involves unpredictable situations with unknown outcomes affecting project performance.
h. Write about cash flow statements.
A cash flow statement shows inflow and outflow of cash from operating, investing, and financing activities, helping assess liquidity and financial health.
i. Define social ventures.
Social ventures are organizations or businesses that aim to solve social problems while maintaining financial sustainability.
j. What do you mean by social innovations?
Social innovations are new ideas, services, or models designed to address social needs effectively and create social value.
SECTION B
(Attempt any three – answers provided for ALL)
2(a). Entrepreneurial competencies and traits
Entrepreneurial competencies include opportunity recognition, decision-making, leadership, communication, and risk management. Traits such as creativity, perseverance, confidence, and adaptability are commonly seen in successful entrepreneurs like Ratan Tata and Dhirubhai Ambani.
2(b). Finding business opportunities and characteristics of good opportunity
Business opportunities can be identified through market research, customer feedback, technological trends, and problem analysis. A good business opportunity has market demand, profitability, scalability, feasibility, and competitive advantage.
2(c). Project management as a conversion process
Project management converts inputs like resources, capital, and manpower into desired outputs such as products or services. Constraints include time, cost, scope, and quality, managed through planning, monitoring, and control mechanisms.
2(d). Elements of cost estimation and its importance
Cost estimation includes material cost, labor cost, overheads, contingency, and administrative expenses. It is important for budgeting, feasibility analysis, and financial planning of projects.
2(e). Need for legal framework for social entrepreneurship
A legal framework ensures transparency, accountability, funding access, and protection of stakeholders in social enterprises. It supports sustainability and ethical operations.
SECTION C
3(a). Motivation and motivating factors for entrepreneurs
Motivation is the internal force that drives individuals to achieve goals. Entrepreneurs are motivated by achievement, independence, profit, innovation, social recognition, and personal satisfaction.
3(b). Classification of entrepreneurs and EDPs
Entrepreneurs can be classified as innovative, imitative, social, and technical entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial Development Programmes (EDPs) provide training, skill development, financial literacy, and mentoring to promote entrepreneurship.
4(a). Types of innovation
Types of innovation include: Product innovation
Process innovation Marketing innovation
Organizational innovation
Examples include electric vehicles, digital payments, and automation.
4(b). Organizational effectiveness and its measurement
Organizational effectiveness refers to the extent to which an organization achieves its objectives. It is measured through productivity, employee satisfaction, profitability, and customer satisfaction.
5(a). Project appraisal and its importance
Project appraisal evaluates technical, financial, economic, and social feasibility of a project. It helps determine viability, minimize risk, and ensure optimal use of resources.
5(b). Project life cycle and its importance
The project life cycle includes: Initiation
Planning Execution
Monitoring & Control Closure
It provides structured management and improves project success.
6(a). Types of project cost estimation techniques
Techniques include: Analogous estimation
Parametric estimation Bottom-up estimation
Expert judgment These help in accurate budgeting.
6(b). Fund and detailed project report (DPR)
Funds are financial resources required for projects. A DPR includes project objectives, cost details, technical design, financial analysis, and implementation schedule.
7(a). Marketing for social entrepreneurship and risks
Marketing involves awareness campaigns, digital media, and community engagement. Risks include funding shortage, market acceptance, and operational challenges.
7(b). Types and opportunities of social entrepreneurship
Types include nonprofit, for-profit social enterprises, and hybrid models. Opportunities exist in education, healthcare, rural development, and environmental sustainability.
