(SEM VII) THEORY EXAMINATION 2022-23 PROJECT MANAGEMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SECTION A (2 Marks Each)

(a) Similarities between Entrepreneur and Intrapreneur

Both entrepreneur and intrapreneur are innovative, risk-taking, opportunity-seeking, and goal-oriented. They focus on value creation, problem-solving, and growth, though one works independently and the 

other within an organization.

(b) Entrepreneur vs Manager

An entrepreneur takes risks, creates new ventures, and focuses on innovation and growth, while a manager works within existing systems, manages resources, and focuses on efficiency and stability.

(c) Value Creation

Value creation means transforming ideas, resources, or services into products that satisfy customer needs and generate economic or social benefits.

(d) Enterprise Sustainability

Enterprise sustainability refers to running a business in a way that ensures long-term economic success while balancing social responsibility and environmental protection.

(e) Foresight in Entrepreneurship

Foresight is the entrepreneur’s ability to anticipate future trends, opportunities, and challenges to make strategic decisions in advance.

(f) Appraisal vs Evaluation

Appraisal is done before or during a project to assess feasibility, while evaluation is done after completion to judge performance and outcomes.

(g) Innovation

Innovation is the process of introducing new or improved products, services, processes, or ideas to create value.

(h) Personal Barriers to Entrepreneurship

Fear of failure, lack of confidence, risk aversion, inadequate skills, and resistance to change are major personal barriers.

(i) Business Plan

A business plan is a written document that outlines business objectives, strategies, market analysis, financial projections, and operational plans.

(j) Social Cost Benefit Analysis

It is a method of evaluating a project by comparing total social benefits with total social costs to society.

SECTION B (10 Marks Each – Any Three)

(a) Entrepreneurial Motivation & McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory

Entrepreneurial motivation refers to the internal drive that encourages individuals to start and grow a business. According to McClelland, the Need for Achievement (n-Ach) is a key motivator. Entrepreneurs with high n-Ach prefer moderate risks, take responsibility for outcomes, seek feedback, and aim for excellence. This theory explains why achievement-oriented individuals are more likely to become successful entrepreneurs.

(b) Importance of Identifying Business Opportunities

Identifying business opportunities helps entrepreneurs recognize unmet customer needs and market gaps. It reduces risk, improves chances of success, enables innovation, and helps in gaining competitive advantage. Opportunity identification also supports better resource allocation and strategic planning.

(c) Need and Importance of Project Management

Project management ensures proper planning, scheduling, cost control, and quality management. It helps complete projects on time, within budget, and according to specifications. Effective project management reduces risks, improves coordination, and increases efficiency and customer satisfaction.

(d) Working Capital Requirements

Working capital refers to funds required for day-to-day business operations such as purchasing raw materials, paying wages, utilities, and maintaining inventory. Adequate working capital ensures smooth business operations, liquidity, and financial stability.

(e) Models of Social Entrepreneurship Process

Social entrepreneurship models focus on identifying social problems, developing innovative solutions, mobilizing resources, implementing sustainable models, and measuring social impact. These models balance social value creation with financial sustainability.

SECTION C (10 Marks Each – Any One from Each Question)

Q3 (a) Objectives of Entrepreneurial Development Programs (EDPs)

The main objectives of EDPs are to develop entrepreneurial skills, enhance risk-taking ability, promote self-employment, create awareness about business opportunities, improve managerial capabilities, and support economic development by generating employment.

Q3 (b) Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Development

Entrepreneurial development is influenced by economic factors, government policies, availability of finance, education and training, social environment, infrastructure, and cultural attitudes toward entrepreneurship.

Q4 (a) Concept and Importance of Innovation

Innovation involves applying new ideas to improve products, services, or processes. It is important because it increases competitiveness, improves productivity, meets changing customer needs, supports growth, and ensures long-term survival of enterprises.

Q4 (b) Importance of Idea Generation in Entrepreneurship

Idea generation is the foundation of entrepreneurship. It helps identify opportunities, encourages creativity, leads to innovation, and supports the development of viable business models.

Q5 (a) Role and Responsibilities of a Project Manager

A project manager plans, executes, monitors, and closes projects. Responsibilities include defining project scope, managing time and cost, coordinating teams, managing risks, ensuring quality, and communicating with stakeholders.

Q5 (b) Stages of Project Life Cycle

The project life cycle includes initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and controlling, and closure. Each stage ensures systematic project development and successful completion.

Q6 (a) Sources of Funds

Sources of funds include internal sources like retained earnings and depreciation, and external sources like equity shares, debentures, bank loans, financial institutions, and venture capital.

Q6 (b) Five Phases of Capital Budgeting

The phases include identification of investment opportunities, evaluation of proposals, selection of projects, implementation, and performance review.

Q7 (a) Social Entrepreneurship Framework

The framework involves identifying social issues, designing innovative solutions, mobilizing resources, implementing sustainable models, and measuring social impact.

Q7 (b) Risk Management in Social Enterprises

Risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and mitigating risks related to finance, operations, legal compliance, and social impact to ensure sustainability of social enterprises.