SECTION A
(2 Marks each – Short Answers)
a. Objectives of Rural Development
The main objectives of rural development are poverty reduction, employment generation, improvement in living standards, balanced regional growth, social justice, and sustainable use of natural resources in rural areas.
b. Best practices in the social sector in India
Best practices include self-help groups (SHGs), community participation, public–private partnerships, digital governance, women empowerment programs, and inclusive education and health schemes.
c. Baroda Experiment in rural development
The Baroda experiment focused on rural upliftment through cooperative institutions, agricultural improvement, education, and social reforms under state guidance.
d. Objective of Sriniketan Experiments
The Sriniketan experiments aimed at rural reconstruction through education, cottage industries, agricultural improvement, and self-reliant village communities.
e. Scheme called “Mazdoor Manzil”
The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) was popularly known as Mazdoor Manzil.
f. Constitutional provision for Panchayati Raj
Panchayati Raj Institutions are covered under Part IX of the Constitution and Article 243 to 243-O.
g. Infrastructure facilities for rural entrepreneurship
Basic infrastructure includes roads, electricity, irrigation, communication, storage facilities, financial institutions, and market access.
h. Dimensions of food security
Food security has four dimensions: availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability.
i. Use of technology in rural areas
Technology helps in agriculture mechanization, e-governance, digital banking, telemedicine, online education, and market connectivity.
j. Role of skill development in entrepreneurship
Skill development improves productivity, innovation, confidence, business management, and long-term sustainability of rural enterprises.
SECTION B
(Attempt any three – 10 Marks each)
2(a) Key issues in rural development & Gandhian ideal social order
Rural development in India faces challenges like poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, inadequate infrastructure, agricultural dependency, and regional imbalance. Migration to cities and lack of institutional support further weaken rural growth.
Gandhian ideal social order emphasizes village self-sufficiency, decentralization of power, dignity of labour, non-violence, trusteeship, equality, and moral development. Gandhi believed villages should be self-governing units with cooperative living and sustainable economic activities.
2(b) Sectoral approach & Mazdoor Manzil objective
The sectoral approach focuses on developing individual sectors such as agriculture, health, education, housing, and infrastructure separately to improve rural welfare. Each sector receives targeted planning and resource allocation.
The objective of Mazdoor Manzil (RLEGP) was to provide employment to landless rural laborers and create durable rural assets like roads, tanks, and canals.
2(c) Features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992
The Act gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions. It introduced a three-tier system, regular elections every five years, reservation for SC/ST and women, State Finance Commission, State Election Commission, and devolution of powers for local self-governance.
2(d) National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
NMSA aims to make agriculture more productive, sustainable, and climate-resilient. It focuses on soil health, water efficiency, crop diversification, agro-forestry, and risk management to ensure long-term agricultural sustainability.
2(e) Significance of rural industrialization & functions of women entrepreneurs
Rural industrialization reduces unemployment, checks migration, increases income, and promotes balanced development.
Women entrepreneurs contribute by generating employment, managing SHGs, promoting local crafts, enhancing family income, and supporting social development.
SECTION C
(Attempt any one part from each question set – 10 Marks)
3(a) Government flagship schemes in agriculture & objectives of rural development
Major agricultural schemes include PM-KISAN, PMFBY, Soil Health Card Scheme, NMSA, Kisan Credit Card, and e-NAM.
Objectives of rural development include reducing poverty, increasing employment, improving infrastructure, ensuring food security, empowering communities, and promoting sustainable livelihoods.
3(b) Government policy for livelihood sustainability
Government policies encourage livelihood sustainability by promoting skill development and diversification of income sources. Support through SHGs, microfinance, social security, and sustainable natural resource management also ensures long-term livelihood security.
4(a) Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
IRDP aimed at providing income-generating assets to the rural poor through subsidies and bank credit. Its objective was to raise living standards of below-poverty-line families and promote self-employment.
4(b) C. Subramanian approach to rural community development
C. Subramanian emphasized agricultural modernization, institutional reforms, farmer education, input support, and scientific farming to transform rural communities and ensure food security.
5(a) Government organizations for rural development
Key organizations include Ministry of Rural Development, NABARD, NITI Aayog, State Rural Development
Departments, Panchayati Raj Institutions, NGOs, and cooperative societies.
5(b) Measures to make SHGs more effective
SHGs can be strengthened through skill training, financial literacy, market linkage, digital tools, regular monitoring, and institutional support.
6(a) Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)
RLEGP aimed to provide employment to landless rural workers and create durable community assets while reducing poverty and seasonal unemployment.
6(b) Role of human resource development in rural entrepreneurship
HRD enhances skills, leadership, innovation, risk-taking ability, and managerial efficiency, helping rural entrepreneurs establish sustainable enterprises.
7(a) Importance of science and technology in rural development
Science and technology improve agricultural productivity, healthcare, education, connectivity, governance, and entrepreneurship, leading to overall rural progress.
7(b) Role and benefits of rural entrepreneurship
Rural entrepreneurship creates employment, reduces migration, utilizes local resources, increases income, and supports inclusive and sustainable rural development.
