(SEM VIII) THEORY EXAMINATION 2023-24 HUMAN VALUES IN BUDDHA AND JAIN DARSHAN

SECTION A

(Attempt all | 2 × 10 = 20 Marks)

a. Purpose of life according to Buddha Darshan
According to Buddha Darshan, the purpose of life is to overcome suffering (Dukkha) by attaining enlightenment (Nirvana) through right understanding, ethical conduct, and mental discipline.

b. Meaning of Enlightenment in Buddha Darshan
Enlightenment (Bodhi) is the complete realization of truth where ignorance, craving, and suffering are eliminated, leading to Nirvana.

c. Define Trishna
Trishna means craving or desire. It is the strong attachment to pleasures, existence, or non-existence and is the main cause of suffering.

d. Three fundamental negative emotions in Buddha Darshan
The three fundamental negative emotions are Greed (Lobha), Hatred (Dvesha), and Delusion (Moha).

e. Three fundamental negative emotions in Buddha Darshan
Greed causes attachment, hatred leads to anger, and delusion creates ignorance, all of which bind humans to suffering.

f. Four passions in Jainism
The four passions are Anger (Krodha), Pride (Mana), Deceit (Maya), and Greed (Lobha).

g. Ghatiya and Aghatiya Karma
Ghatiya karma obstructs the soul’s qualities like knowledge and perception, while Aghatiya karma affects the physical body but not spiritual qualities.

h. Sallekhana and Santhara
Sallekhana or Santhara is the voluntary, peaceful renunciation of the body by gradually reducing food and desires to attain spiritual purification.

i. Panch-Parameshthi in Jain Darshan
Arihant, Siddha, Acharya, Upadhyaya, and Sadhu.

j. Two commonalities between Buddha and Jain Darshan
Both emphasize non-violence, self-discipline, karma theory, and liberation through ethical living.

SECTION B

(Attempt any THREE | 3 × 10 = 30 Marks)

2(a) Law of Karma in Buddha Darshan

The law of karma states that every intentional action produces results. Good actions lead to happiness and peace, while bad actions cause suffering. Karma is based on intention, not ritual. Liberation is achieved by breaking the cycle of karma through wisdom and ethical living.

2(b) Law of Impermanence (Anicca)

Impermanence means everything in the universe is constantly changing. Nothing is permanent. Understanding impermanence reduces attachment and suffering. This realization helps individuals develop detachment and move towards enlightenment.

2(c) Roots of unwholesome habits

Unwholesome habits arise from three roots:

Greed                                              Hatred                                             Delusion

These roots create negative thoughts and actions, leading to suffering. Removing these roots through mindfulness and wisdom leads to ethical living and peace.

2(d) Karma in Jainism

(i) Prakriti, Pradesa, Sthiti, Anubhaga

Prakriti: Nature of karma                                           Pradesa: Quantity of karma

Sthiti: Duration of karma                                           Anubhaga: Intensity of karma

(ii) Eight types of Karma
Knowledge-obscuring, Perception-obscuring, Deluding, Obstructive, Feeling-producing, Body-making, Status-determining, Age-determining.

2(e) Five Anuvrats in Jain Darshan

The five Anuvrats are non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession. These vows guide householders toward ethical and disciplined living.

SECTION C

3(a) Origin and need to study Buddha Darshan

Buddha Darshan originated from Gautama Buddha’s quest to understand suffering. Studying it helps develop compassion, mindfulness, ethical conduct, and mental peace in modern life.

3(b) Four Noble Truths

Life involves suffering (Dukkha)                              Suffering arises from desire (Samudaya)

Suffering can end (Nirodha)                                   The Eightfold Path leads to the end of suffering (Magga)

4(a) Tri-Ratna of Buddhism

Buddha: The enlightened teacher                          Dharma: Teachings and path

Sangha: Community of monks and followers         These three guide spiritual progress.

4(b) Eightfold Path and Brahma-Vihar

Eightfold Path: Right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration.
Brahma-Vihar: Loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, equanimity.
An Arahant is one who has attained liberation.

5(a) Sheel (Ethical Living)

Sheel includes love, generosity, contentment, truthfulness, and awareness. Ethical living purifies mind and actions, leading to harmony and peace.

5(b) Meditation techniques

Shamatha: Calms the mind                                      Vipassana: Develops insight
Anapanasati: Mindfulness of breathing                   Metta Meditation: Cultivation of loving-kindness

These practices lead to wisdom and liberation.

6(a) Six substances in Loka (Jainism)

Jiva, Pudgala, Dharma, Adharma, Akasha, and Kala. These form the structure of the universe.

6(b) Anekantavada, Papa and Punya

Anekantavada teaches multiple perspectives of truth.
Papa refers to bad karma, while Punya refers to good karma.

7(a) Self-observation of negative emotions

Common negative emotions include anger, jealousy, fear, and attachment. By practicing awareness, meditation, and ethical conduct, these emotions can be reduced.

7(b) Higher virtues in Jain Darshan

Forgiveness removes hatred, humility controls ego, straightforwardness builds trust, purity cleanses mind, and self-restraint leads to liberation.