SECTION A
(Attempt all | 2 × 10 = 20 Marks)
a. Evaluate Nyāya Darśana
Nyāya Darśana is a school of Indian philosophy that emphasizes logic, reasoning, and valid knowledge (pramāṇa). It aims to remove ignorance and attain liberation through right reasoning.
b. Explain Samasya
Samasya means the problem or confusion arising from ignorance. In philosophy, it refers to existential problems like suffering, ignorance, and lack of purpose in life.
c. Define Abhyudaya
Abhyudaya refers to material prosperity, social well-being, and ethical success achieved through righteous living and duties.
d. Enumerate types of Padārtha
Nyāya Darśana identifies six padārthas:
Dravya (substance), Guṇa (quality), Karma (action), Sāmānya (generality), Viśeṣa (particularity), Samavāya (inherence).
e. Explore Abhiniveśa
Abhiniveśa is attachment to life and fear of death. It binds individuals to worldly existence and obstructs spiritual progress.
f. Describe Dhāraṇā
Dhāraṇā is concentration of the mind on a chosen object. It is a preparatory stage of meditation leading to deeper awareness.
g. Evaluate the purpose of Upaniṣads
The Upaniṣads aim to impart knowledge of Brahman, Ātmā, and ultimate reality, guiding humans toward self-realization and liberation.
h. Explain the purpose of Upāsanā
Upāsanā is devotional practice and contemplation that purifies the mind and prepares it for higher spiritual knowledge.
i. Describe Āśrama system
The āśrama system divides life into four stages: Brahmacharya, Gṛhastha, Vānaprastha, and Sannyāsa, ensuring balanced personal and social development.
j. Evaluate the idea of Vratas
Vratas are disciplined vows that promote self-control, ethical conduct, and spiritual purification.
SECTION B
(Attempt any THREE | 3 × 10 = 30 Marks)
2(a) Fundamental concepts of Nyāya Darśana and their significance
Nyāya Darśana focuses on attaining true knowledge through valid means such as perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. Its concepts include padārtha, pramāṇa, and logical analysis. These help eliminate ignorance, ensure correct reasoning, and guide individuals toward liberation.
2(b) Śucitā and Aśucitā and their application in daily life
Śucitā means purity of body, mind, and actions, while aśucitā refers to impurity. Purity involves cleanliness, ethical behavior, truthful speech, and pure intentions. Practicing śucitā leads to mental peace and social harmony.
2(c) Key concepts of Sāṅkhya Darśana
Sāṅkhya Darśana explains reality through two eternal principles: Puruṣa (consciousness) and Prakṛti (matter). Prakṛti is trigunātmaka—Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas. Bondage arises from ignorance, and liberation occurs through discrimination between Puruṣa and Prakṛti.
2(d) Antaḥkaraṇa-śuddhi and its spiritual significance
Antaḥkaraṇa-śuddhi means purification of the inner instrument—mind, intellect, ego, and memory. It is achieved through ethical living, devotion, and self-discipline. A pure inner self enables higher knowledge and spiritual realization.
2(e) Varṇa system and its social implications
The Varṇa system organizes society based on qualities and duties, not birth. The four varṇas—Brāhmaṇa, Kṣatriya, Vaiśya, and Śūdra—ensure social harmony, cooperation, and balanced responsibility.
SECTION C
3(a) Significance of studying Vedic literature
Vedic literature provides insight into metaphysics, ethics, and human values. Studying it helps understand Vedic Darśana, life’s purpose, moral conduct, and the path to liberation. It remains relevant for addressing modern ethical and spiritual challenges.
3(b) Padārthas in Nyāya Darśana and their role
Padārthas categorize reality and help understand existence logically. They explain substances, qualities, actions, and relationships, enabling a systematic comprehension of the world.
4(a) Significance and implications of six Padārthas
The six padārthas explain the structure of reality and knowledge. They help distinguish material and non-material aspects of existence and guide logical inquiry and spiritual understanding.
4(b) Nitya and Anitya
Nitya refers to eternal entities like Ātmā and Brahman, while anitya refers to temporary worldly objects. Understanding this distinction helps reduce attachment and attain spiritual clarity.
5(a) Bondage and liberation: Role of Puruṣa and Prakṛti
Bondage occurs when Puruṣa identifies with Prakṛti. Liberation is achieved when Puruṣa realizes its distinct nature through knowledge, freeing itself from material bondage.
5(b) Trigunātmaka Prakṛti and material world
Prakṛti consists of Sattva (purity), Rajas (activity), and Tamas (inertia). These guṇas shape behavior, nature, and the material universe.
6(a) Teachings of Īśopaniṣad and Taittirīya Upaniṣad
Both Upaniṣads emphasize harmony between knowledge, action, and renunciation. They teach balance between material life and spiritual pursuit for holistic development.
6(b) Nature of Ātmā
Ātmā is eternal, pure consciousness, unaffected by birth or death. It is the true self and the foundation of existence.
7(a) Vedic insights for modern society
Vedic Darśana teaches balance between individual freedom and social responsibility through duties, ethical living, and harmony with nature.
7(b) Purpose and program of human life in Vedic Darśana
Human life aims at Dharma, Artha, Kāma, and Mokṣa. Role clarity ensures right conduct, moral values, and spiritual progress.
