SECTION A
(Attempt all – 2 marks each)
a. Rural Administration
Rural administration refers to the system of governance and administrative mechanisms used to implement development policies and programmes in rural areas.
b. Self Help Group (SHG)
A Self Help Group is a small voluntary group of people, usually from similar socio-economic backgrounds, who come together to save money and provide loans to members.
c. Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is an administrative system characterized by hierarchical authority, fixed rules, and procedures used to implement government policies.
d. Development vs Training
Development is a long-term process aimed at overall improvement, while training is a short-term activity focused on improving specific skills or knowledge.
e. Administration
Administration is the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling resources to achieve organizational goals effectively.
f. Sustainable Livelihoods
Sustainable livelihoods refer to the ability of individuals or households to maintain and improve their income and living standards without harming future resources.
g. Population Composition
Population composition refers to the structure of population based on age, sex, occupation, literacy, and other demographic characteristics.
h. Rural Credit
Rural credit is the financial assistance provided to rural people, especially farmers, for agriculture, small businesses, and livelihood activities.
i. Community Based Organizations (CBOs)
CBOs are local organizations formed by community members to address common social, economic, and developmental issues.
j. RRBs
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are financial institutions established to provide banking and credit facilities to rural and semi-urban areas.
SECTION B
(Attempt any three – 10 marks each)
2(a) Policies and Programmes for Rural Development in Agriculture
Rural development in agriculture focuses on increasing productivity, income, and sustainability. Major policies include agricultural subsidies, irrigation development, soil health management, crop insurance schemes, and minimum support price policies. Programmes such as PMFBY, Kisan Credit Card, and rural infrastructure development support farmers and improve agricultural growth.
2(b) Baroda Experiment and Marthandam Experiment
The Baroda experiment emphasized cooperative farming and community participation under government guidance. The Marthandam experiment focused on rural reconstruction through education, sanitation, cottage industries, and community development. Both experiments highlighted the importance of people’s participation in rural development.
2(c) NABARD and Its Importance
NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) is an apex development bank that promotes rural development. It provides credit support, refinancing facilities, and institutional development for agriculture, small industries, and rural infrastructure, playing a crucial role in strengthening rural economy.
2(d) HRD in Rural Sector
Human Resource Development (HRD) in rural areas focuses on skill development, education, health improvement, and capacity building. HRD is essential to enhance productivity, employment opportunities, and overall quality of life in rural communities.
2(e) Women Entrepreneurship
Women entrepreneurship refers to women initiating and managing business enterprises. Major problems include lack of finance, social barriers, limited education, and lack of training. Solutions include financial support, skill development programmes, and policy incentives.
SECTION C
3(a) Rural Development and Its Elements
Rural development is the process of improving economic, social, and living conditions of rural people. Its basic elements include agriculture development, education, healthcare, infrastructure, employment generation, and poverty alleviation.
4(a) Panchayati Raj System
The Panchayati Raj System is a decentralized form of governance in rural India. It consists of Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad. It promotes local self-governance, democratic participation, and grassroots development.
5(a) Community Based Organizations and Their Importance
Community Based Organizations are grassroots institutions formed by local people. They play an important role in empowering communities, improving participation, addressing local issues, and implementing development programmes effectively.
6(a) Human Resource Development for Rural Development
Human Resource Development involves improving skills, knowledge, and abilities of rural people. Dimensions include education, vocational training, health services, leadership development, and entrepreneurship promotion, which help in sustainable rural development.
7(a) Rural Industrialization
Rural industrialization refers to the development of industries in rural areas using appropriate technology. It creates employment, reduces migration, and promotes local resources. Technologies used are simple, cost-effective, and environment-friendly, making them suitable for rural settings.
