(SEM VIII) THEORY EXAMINATION 2021-22 HUMAN VALUES IN BUDDHA AND JAIN DARSHAN

SECTION A

(Attempt all questions in brief – 2 × 10 = 20 marks)

(a) Seven steps (Saptabhangi) of Syadvada

Syadvada explains reality through seven conditional predicates:
Syad-asti (may be), Syad-nasti (may not be), Syad-asti-nasti (may be and may not be), Syad-avaktavya (indescribable), and their combined forms. It teaches relativity and tolerance.

(b) Two kinds of Nyay in Jain Darshan

The two main Nyayas are Naya Nyaya, which explains partial viewpoints, and Pramana Nyaya, which explains complete knowledge of reality.

(c) Maitri and Karuna

Maitri means friendship and goodwill towards all beings.
Karuna means compassion and kindness towards those who suffer.

(d) Tri-Ratna of Buddhism

The Tri-Ratna are Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha.

(e) Vyavahara Kala and Nischaya Kala

Vyavahara Kala refers to practical and worldly time, while Nischaya Kala refers to absolute or spiritual time.

(f) Four passions in Jainism

The four passions are Krodha (anger), Mana (pride), Maya (deceit), and Lobha (greed).

(g) Sheel and Samadhi

Sheel refers to moral discipline and ethical conduct.
Samadhi refers to deep concentration and mental stability.

(h) Psychical mind and Physical body

The psychical mind deals with thoughts and emotions, while the physical body refers to the material structure of a living being.

(i) Pragya and Anitya

Pragya means wisdom or insight.
Anitya means impermanence, stating that everything in the world is temporary.

(j) Prakriti, Pradesa, Sthiti, Anubhaga

In Jain karma theory:
Prakriti is type of karma, Pradesa is quantity, Sthiti is duration, and Anubhaga is intensity of karma.

SECTION B

(Attempt any THREE – 10 × 3 = 30 marks)

2(a) Dhamma in Bauddha Darshan

Dhamma represents the teachings of Buddha that guide human conduct and spiritual growth. It emphasizes moral living, wisdom, compassion, non-violence, and liberation from suffering. Dhamma teaches the middle path, avoiding extremes of pleasure and pain.

2(b) Ashtang Marg (Eightfold Path)

The Eightfold Path consists of Right View, Right Intention, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. It provides a practical path to end suffering and attain Nirvana through ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom.

2(c) Eight kinds of Jnana and four kinds of Darshan

Eight types of Jnana include Mati, Shruta, Avadhi, Manahparyaya, Keval Jnana, and their impure forms.
Four Darshans are Chakshu, Achakshu, Avadhi, and Keval Darshan. These explain stages of knowledge and perception in Jainism.

2(d) Ratnatraya

Ratnatraya consists of Samyak Darshan (right faith), Samyak Jnana (right knowledge), and Samyak Charitra (right conduct). Together they form the path to liberation and self-purification.

2(e) Code of Conduct for Anuvrat Practitioner

Anuvrat emphasizes small vows such as non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, self-control, and limited possessions. It guides householders to live ethically without renouncing worldly life.

SECTION C

3(a) Need and Basic Principles of Bauddha and Jain Darshan

Both philosophies aim to reduce suffering and promote moral living. They emphasize non-violence, self-discipline, compassion, and liberation. These principles help in building peaceful individuals and harmonious society.

4(a) Law of Cause-Action and Four Noble Truths

The law of cause-action states that actions determine consequences.
The Four Noble Truths explain existence of suffering, its cause, its cessation, and the path leading to its end through the Eightfold Path.

5(b) Application of Bauddha Darshan in Solving Global Problems

Bauddha Darshan promotes equality, non-violence, and compassion. These values help address issues like caste discrimination, gender inequality, corruption, and violence by encouraging ethical behavior and empathy.

6(a) Arhant, Jin, Tirthankara, Panch Parameshthi

Arhant is a liberated soul, Jin is a conqueror of desires, Tirthankara shows the path to liberation. Panch Parameshthi include Arihant, Siddha, Acharya, Upadhyaya, and Sadhu.

7(b) Commonality between Jain and Bauddha Darshan

Both emphasize ethical living, non-violence, self-discipline, and liberation. Their purpose is human welfare and removal of suffering through moral and spiritual development.