SECTION A
(Attempt all questions in brief – 2 × 10 = 20 marks)
(a) Authors of the six Darshanas
Nyaya – Gautama Vaisheshika – Kanada
Samkhya – Kapila Yoga – Patanjali
Purva Mimamsa – Jaimini Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanta) – Badarayana
(b) Subject matter of Vaisheshika Darshana
Vaisheshika Darshana deals with the analysis of reality through categories like substance, quality, action, generality, particularity, and inherence. Its aim is to understand the nature of existence and attain liberation.
(c) Nine Dravya in Vaisheshika Darshana
Earth, Water, Fire, Air, Ether (Akasha), Time, Space, Soul (Atma), Mind (Manas).
(d) Sources of happiness which assure continuity
Happiness with continuity comes from right understanding, ethical living, harmony in relationships, balanced use of resources, and self-discipline rather than temporary pleasures.
(e) Gunas of mind in Yoga Darshana
The three Gunas are Sattva (purity and balance), Rajas (activity and restlessness), and Tamas (inertia and ignorance).
(f) Five states of mind in Yoga Darshana
Kshipta (restless), Mudha (dull),
Vikshipta (occasionally steady), Ekagra (concentrated),
Niruddha (fully controlled).
(g) Asmita, Raag, Dvesa, Abhinivesa
Asmita is egoism, Raag is attachment,
Dvesa is aversion, Abhinivesa is fear of death and clinging to life.
(h) Panch Klesa and four subsequent Klesa
Panch Klesa are: Avidya, Asmita, Raag, Dvesa, Abhinivesa.
Four subsequent Klesa arise from Avidya: Asmita, Raag, Dvesa, Abhinivesa.
(i) Advantages of Varna system in Vedic time
The Varna system divided work based on aptitude and duties, promoted social harmony, efficiency, moral responsibility, and balanced social order.
(j) Sixteen Sanskar of Vedic time
Garbhadhana, Pumsavana, Simantonnayana, Jatakarma, Namakarana, Nishkramana, Annaprashana, Chudakarana, Karnavedha, Upanayana, Vedarambha, Samavartana, Vivaha, Vanaprastha, Sannyasa, Antyeshti.
SECTION B
(Attempt any THREE – 10 × 3 = 30 marks)
2(a) Need of understanding various Darshanas
Understanding different Darshanas helps humans gain clarity about life, reality, ethics, and purpose. Each Darshana offers a unique perspective, and together they help in developing right understanding, balanced thinking, and a fulfilling human life.
2(b) Abhyudaya and Nihshreyas (Vaisheshika Darshana)
Abhyudaya refers to material well-being and prosperity through righteous living.
Nihshreyas refers to spiritual liberation and ultimate happiness. Both are essential for complete human development.
2(c) Ishwara: characteristics and difference from nature and soul
Ishwara is omniscient, eternal, and free from bondage. Nature is unconscious and changeable, while soul is conscious but bound by karma. Ishwara remains unaffected by karma.
2(d) Principle of Karma Phala
The principle states that every action produces a corresponding result. Good actions lead to happiness, while bad actions lead to suffering. This law encourages ethical living.
2(e) Purpose of Varna system and Vratas
Varna system ensured social order and duty-based living. Vratas promoted self-discipline, moral purity, and spiritual growth.
SECTION C
3(a) Panchavayu Prakriya
The five vital airs are Prana, Apana, Samana, Udana, and Vyana. They regulate breathing, digestion, circulation, excretion, and overall body balance, maintaining life harmony.
3(b) Types of Pramana in Nyaya Darshana
The four Pramanas are Pratyaksha (perception), Anumana (inference), Upamana (comparison), and Shabda (verbal testimony).
4(a) Upadha–Anupadha (Right and Wrong Feelings)
Upadha refers to feelings based on assumptions and attachment, leading to conflict.
Anupadha refers to feelings based on right understanding, leading to harmony.
4(b) Relation between Dravya, Guna, and Karma
Dravya is substance, Guna is quality, and Karma is action. Guna and Karma exist only in Dravya and cannot exist independently.
5(a) States of mind based on Gunas and Vritti
Mind states depend on dominance of Sattva, Rajas, or Tamas and are expressed through Vrittis like Pramana, Viparyaya, Vikalpa, Nidra, and Smriti.
5(b) Methods of attaining calm mind (Yoga Darshana)
Calm mind is achieved through Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana, and Samadhi, along with self-discipline and meditation.
6(a) Panch Klesa and steps to eliminate them
Avidya is removed by knowledge,
Asmita by humility,
Raag and Dvesa by detachment,
Abhinivesa by self-realization and acceptance of truth.
6(b) Purpose and outcomes of Yamas and Niyamas
Yamas and Niyamas regulate external and internal conduct, leading to purity, self-control, mental peace, and spiritual progress.
7(a) Purpose and program of human life (Vedic Darshana)
The purpose of human life is harmonious living, prosperity, righteousness, and liberation. The program includes right understanding, ethical conduct, and balanced fulfillment of material and spiritual needs.
7(b) Value-based practices and their outcomes
Value-based practices lead to trust in society, sustainability in nature, continuity of human tradition, and lasting happiness in individuals.
