(SEM VIII) THEORY EXAMINATION 2021-22 RURAL DEVELOPMENT : ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING

SECTION – A

(Attempt all questions in brief | 10 × 2 = 20 marks)

Q1(a) Importance of rural development for sustainable livelihoods in India

Rural development is important for creating sustainable livelihoods by improving agriculture, employment opportunities, education, healthcare, and infrastructure. It helps reduce poverty, migration, and inequality while ensuring long-term economic and social stability in rural areas.

Q1(b) Policies and programmes for rural development

Major rural development policies and programmes include MGNREGA, PMGSY, NRLM, PMAY-G, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin), and National Social Assistance Programme.

Q1(c) Main objectives of Sriniketan experiment

The objectives were rural reconstruction, promotion of cottage industries, education, agriculture development, health awareness, and self-reliance of villagers.

Q1(d) Importance of Sriniketan in rural development

Sriniketan is important because it emphasized people’s participation, integrated development, education, and use of local resources for rural upliftment.

Q1(e) Bureaucracy structure

Bureaucracy structure refers to a hierarchical administrative system with clearly defined roles, rules, authority, and responsibilities for effective governance.

Q1(f) Administrative structure in government

The administrative structure includes central, state, and local governments, supported by ministries, departments, and civil services to implement policies and programmes.

Q1(g) Concept of Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

SHGs are small voluntary groups of people, mainly women, who save money collectively and provide loans to members for income-generating activities and self-empowerment.

Q1(h) Nutritional status

Nutritional status indicates the health condition of an individual based on intake and utilization of nutrients, reflected through body weight, height, and clinical signs.

Q1(i) Need and importance of rural industrialization

Rural industrialization creates employment, reduces migration, utilizes local resources, increases income, and supports balanced regional development.

Q1(j) Role of technology in rural India

Technology helps rural India through digital education, telemedicine, improved agriculture techniques, e-governance, online banking, and market access for farmers.

SECTION – B

(Attempt ANY THREE | 3 × 10 = 30 marks)

Q2(a) Main components of rural development – Public Health & Sanitation and Women Empowerment

Rural development includes agriculture, education, health, infrastructure, employment, and social welfare.

Public Health and Sanitation:
It focuses on clean drinking water, sanitation facilities, disease prevention, nutrition, and healthcare services to improve quality of life.

Women Empowerment:
Women empowerment ensures equal opportunities through education, SHGs, skill development, financial inclusion, and participation in decision-making.

Q2(b) Main features of Gurgaon experiment

The Gurgaon experiment focused on agricultural improvement, cooperative farming, education, sanitation, and self-help. It emphasized government guidance with people’s participation to increase productivity and rural prosperity.

Q2(c) Panchayati Raj Institutions in India and their functions

India has a three-tier Panchayati Raj system:

Gram Panchayat

Panchayat Samiti

Zila Parishad

Functions include rural planning, development works, social justice, implementation of government schemes, and local governance.

Q2(d) Elements of Human Resource Development (HRD) in rural sectors

HRD elements include education, skill development, health, cultural quality, and moral quality.

Cultural Quality:
Promotes traditions, values, cooperation, and social harmony.

Moral Quality:
Encourages honesty, discipline, responsibility, and ethical behavior.

Q2(e) Rural entrepreneurship – problems and prospects

Rural entrepreneurship involves setting up enterprises in rural areas using local resources.

Problems:
Lack of finance, infrastructure, training, marketing facilities, and technology.

Prospects:
Employment generation, income growth, women empowerment, and rural economic development.

SECTION – C

Q3(a) Rural development programmes – MGNREGA & PMGSY

MGNREGA:
Provides guaranteed wage employment to rural households, improves livelihoods, and creates durable assets.

PMGSY:
Aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to rural areas, improving access to markets, education, and healthcare.

Q3(b) Social sector initiatives – SGSY & NSAP

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY):
Focused on self-employment through SHGs and income-generating activities.

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP):
Provides financial assistance to elderly, widows, and disabled persons.

Q4(a) Nilokheri development project and objectives

The Nilokheri project aimed at rehabilitation of displaced persons through education, agriculture, skill training, and cooperative living.

Q4(b) Gandhian concept of rural development and rural industrialization

Gandhian rural development emphasized self-sufficient villages, cottage industries, non-violence, and local employment.
Gandhian rural industrialization promoted khadi, handicrafts, and small-scale industries.

Q5(a) Financial organizations in Panchayati Raj Institutions

These include State Finance Commissions, District Planning Committees, banks, and government grants.
They manage funds, budgeting, taxation, and development expenditures.

Q5(b) Difference between CBO and NGO

CBO (Community-Based Organization):
Formed by local community members for self-help and development.

NGO (Non-Governmental Organization):
Formed by individuals or groups to work for social welfare, often at a larger scale.

Q6(a) Importance of human resources and HRD challenges in rural areas

Human resources are vital for productivity, innovation, and development.
Challenges include illiteracy, lack of skills, poor health, migration, and limited training facilities.

Q6(b) Tools for measuring nutritional status

Anthropometric methods:
Height, weight, BMI, and growth charts.

Biochemical methods:
Blood and urine tests to assess nutrient deficiencies.

Q7(a) Role of women entrepreneurship in rural India

Women entrepreneurship promotes income generation, self-confidence, family welfare, and community development.
Challenges include social barriers, lack of finance, education, and market access.

Q7(b) Rural entrepreneurship and its need

Rural entrepreneurship is the establishment of enterprises in rural areas.
It is needed to reduce poverty, create employment, utilize local resources, and promote balanced development.