THEORY EXAMINATION (SEM–VIII) 2016-17 FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

SECTION – A

Explain the following (Short Answer Type)

The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, and tendons that support body movement and maintain posture.

Stress is the force applied per unit area within a material or biological tissue.

Strain is the deformation or change in shape caused by stress in a material or tissue.

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint allowing movement in multiple directions, while the knee joint is a hinge joint mainly allowing bending and straightening motion.

Turbulent flow occurs when fluid moves irregularly with mixing and fluctuations, often seen in blood flow during high velocity conditions.

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to different parts of the body and help maintain blood pressure.

Synovial fluid is a lubricating fluid present in joints that reduces friction and allows smooth movement.

A positron is a positively charged particle similar to an electron, used in medical imaging techniques like PET scans.

Joint friction refers to resistance encountered during movement between joint surfaces.

Telemedicine allows remote diagnosis and treatment through communication technology and improves healthcare accessibility.

Questions (Section A)

What is musculoskeletal system?

Define stress and strain.

What is turbulent flow?

What is synovial fluid?

What is telemedicine?

SECTION – B

Attempt any five (Long Answer Type)

Biocompatibility refers to the ability of a material to function safely within the human body without causing harmful reactions. Examples include metals, polymers, and ceramics.

Human bone shows a stress-strain relationship where it behaves elastically at low stress and fractures at high stress levels.

Skin and soft tissues have elastic properties, while bones provide structural strength and support.

Medical data interchange standards ensure proper communication and storage of healthcare information across systems.

Blood exhibits rheological properties such as viscosity and flow resistance, affecting circulation.

Non-Newtonian fluids change viscosity based on flow conditions, while pulsatile models describe periodic blood flow due to heartbeats.

Ultrasound imaging uses high-frequency sound waves for medical diagnosis, while tomography creates cross-sectional images of body structures.

Polymers and ceramics are used in biomedical applications due to their strength, durability, and compatibility.

Questions (Section B)

What is biocompatibility?

Explain stress-strain relationship of bone.

What are rheological properties of blood?

What is non-Newtonian model?

What is ultrasound imaging?

SECTION – C

Attempt any two (Detailed Explanation)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of internal body structures. It is widely used for diagnosing brain, spinal, and soft tissue disorders.

Data collection in healthcare improves patient diagnosis, treatment planning, and disease monitoring. It helps in efficient healthcare management.

Medical imaging includes X-rays, ultrasound, MRI, and CT scans, each used for different diagnostic purposes.

Questions (Section C)

Explain working of MRI.

What are advantages of data collection in healthcare?

What are types of medical imaging?