THEORY EXAMINATION (SEM–VIII) 2016-17 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Product Development – Section Wise Explanation

Section A – Basic Concepts of Product Development

Section A contains short questions designed to test the basic concepts of product design, development, and innovation techniques. Students must attempt all questions in this section. 

Product development is the process of designing, creating, and improving products to meet customer needs and market demands. It involves several stages including idea generation, concept development, design, testing, and commercialization.

Product design focuses on creating a product that is functional, efficient, safe, and attractive to users.

One important concept in product development is test marketing, which refers to introducing a new product in a limited market area to evaluate customer response before launching it on a large scale.

Another concept is adaptation, which means modifying an existing product to meet new customer needs or market conditions.

Creative thinking techniques such as synectics are used to generate innovative ideas. Synectics encourages problem solving through analogy and creative association.

Modern product development also uses technologies such as CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing), which allow engineers to design products digitally and manufacture them efficiently.

Another important concept is MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures), which measures the reliability of a product by estimating the average time between system failures.

Value engineering focuses on improving the value of a product by reducing cost while maintaining performance and quality.

Another technique used in product development is QFD (Quality Function Deployment), which converts customer requirements into engineering specifications.

Modern product development often uses concurrent engineering, where design, manufacturing, and testing processes occur simultaneously to reduce development time.

Understanding these concepts helps engineers develop products that meet customer expectations and perform efficiently.

Questions for Section A

What is product development and product design?

What is test marketing?

What is adaptation?

What is synectics?

What is CAD/CAM?

What is MTBF?

What is value engineering?

What is QFD?

What is concurrent engineering?

Write a need statement for a hand charging system in a hostel dining hall.

Section B – Product Design Methods and Analysis

Section B focuses on product design techniques, reliability analysis, and decision-making methods used in product development. Students must attempt any five questions from this section. 

One approach to product design is design by evolution, where existing products are gradually improved over time based on technological advancements and customer feedback.

Creativity plays an important role in product development. Creative thinking involves generating new ideas, while analytical thinking focuses on evaluating ideas logically and systematically.

Another important concept is anthropometric data, which refers to measurements of the human body. This data helps designers create products that fit human physical characteristics and improve comfort and usability.

The man-machine interaction cycle describes how humans interact with machines, including perception, decision-making, and action.

Reliability is another important aspect of product design. Reliability measures the probability that a system will operate without failure for a specified time period.

Systems can be arranged in series or parallel configurations, and the overall system reliability depends on the arrangement of components.

Another important step in product development is need analysis, which helps identify customer requirements before designing the product.

Decision-making tools are also used in product design. For example, a company may evaluate multiple product designs based on performance parameters such as durability, cost, and usability.

In the exam paper (page 1), a table compares four designs of fountain pens based on parameters like writing time between refills, nib life, cost, and writing pressure. Students are asked to assign weights to these parameters and determine the design with maximum utility. 

Another numerical problem in this section compares three materials used for curtain rods, analyzing costs such as raw material cost, equipment cost, and labor cost to determine the most economical material.

Students are required to plot the total cost versus yearly production volume and decide which material should be selected for a production level of 10,000 rods per year.

Additional theoretical topics in this section include:

Product Life Cycle

Bath Tub Curve (used in reliability engineering)

Design of Displays

These concepts help engineers evaluate product performance and reliability over time.

Questions for Section B

What is design by evolution? Explain with examples.

What is creativity? Differentiate between creative thinking and analytical thinking.

What is anthropometric data? Explain the man-machine interaction cycle.

What is reliability? Explain reliability in series and parallel systems.

Explain the checklist used for need analysis.

Determine the best fountain pen design using utility analysis.

Determine the best material for curtain rod manufacturing based on cost analysis.

Write short notes on product life cycle.

Explain the bath tub curve.

Explain the design of displays.

Section C – Advanced Product Development Concepts

Section C contains advanced questions related to reliability engineering, utility theory, and creative design processes. Students must attempt any two questions from this section. 

One question in this section involves calculating the reliability of a truck tyre system.

The truck has two front tyres and four rear tyres, each with a failure rate of 0.001 per hour. Students must calculate the reliability of the system for a 10-hour journey without a spare tyre.

This problem requires applying reliability formulas for systems arranged in series or parallel configurations.

Another concept discussed in this section is utility theory, which explains how customers evaluate the usefulness or satisfaction obtained from a product.

An important principle in utility theory is the law of diminishing marginal utility, which states that the satisfaction gained from each additional unit of a product decreases as consumption increases.

Another important topic is the creative design process. Product design typically follows several phases such as:

Problem identification

Idea generation

Concept development

Detailed design

Prototype testing

Final production

These phases help engineers transform creative ideas into practical products.

Questions for Section C

Calculate the reliability of a truck tyre system for a 10-hour journey.

Explain the concept of utility with an example.

Explain the law of diminishing marginal utility.

What are the phases of creative product design?

Explain the creative design routes used in product development.

Conclusion

The Product Development exam paper evaluates knowledge at three levels. Section A focuses on basic definitions and concepts of product design and development. Section B examines design techniques, reliability analysis, and decision-making methods. Section C explores advanced topics such as reliability calculations, utility theory, and creative design processes. 

Understanding these concepts helps engineers design innovative, reliable, and customer-oriented products.