(SEM II) THEORY EXAMINATION 2017-18 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II

SECTION A – Short Answer Section

This section contains basic short questions that test the fundamental understanding of human anatomy and physiology. Students must answer all questions briefly. These questions usually focus on definitions, basic concepts, and important physiological terms related to body systems.

Question 1: What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

Answer:
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. It is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles of the brain. CSF protects the brain from injury, maintains pressure within the skull, and helps in the transport of nutrients and waste products.

Question 2: What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

Answer:
Basal Metabolic Rate is the minimum amount of energy required by the body to maintain basic life functions such as breathing, blood circulation, and temperature regulation while at rest.

Question 3: Define Tidal Volume.

Answer:
Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath. In an average adult, tidal volume is about 500 mL of air per breath.

SECTION B – Long Answer Section

This section requires students to answer detailed questions related to physiological processes and body systems. Students must explain mechanisms, functions, and structures in detail.

Question 1: What is Respiration? Explain the mechanism of respiration.

Answer:
Respiration is the process by which the body takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

The mechanism of respiration occurs in two phases:

1. Inspiration (Inhalation):

The diaphragm contracts and moves downward.

The rib cage expands due to contraction of intercostal muscles.

Lung volume increases and air enters the lungs.

2. Expiration (Exhalation):

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.

The rib cage returns to its normal position.

Lung volume decreases and carbon dioxide is expelled.

Respiration ensures oxygen supply to tissues and removal of metabolic waste gases.

Question 2: Explain the male reproductive system.

Answer:
The male reproductive system consists of organs responsible for the production, storage, and transport of sperm.

Main organs include:

Testes: Produce sperm and testosterone hormone.

Epididymis: Stores and matures sperm.

Vas deferens: Transports sperm from epididymis.

Seminal vesicles and prostate gland: Produce seminal fluid.

Penis: Organ used for reproduction and urination.

The main function of this system is reproduction and hormone production.

Question 3: Explain thyroid hormone formation and secretion.

Answer:
Thyroid hormones are produced in the thyroid gland located in the neck.

The two main hormones are:

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Steps of hormone formation include:

Iodine uptake by thyroid cells

Formation of thyroglobulin

Iodination of tyrosine residues

Coupling reaction to form T3 and T4

Release of hormones into the bloodstream

These hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and energy production.

SECTION C – Descriptive Section

This section tests deeper knowledge and requires explanation of physiological mechanisms and body functions.

Question 1: Explain the mechanism of breathing.

Answer:
Breathing is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

During inhalation:

Diaphragm contracts and moves downward.

Rib cage expands.

Lung pressure decreases, allowing air to enter.

During exhalation:

Diaphragm relaxes.

Rib cage moves inward.

Lung pressure increases and air leaves the lungs.

This process ensures proper gas exchange.

Question 2: Describe the pituitary gland and its hormones.

Answer:
The pituitary gland is known as the master gland of the endocrine system because it controls other endocrine glands.

It has two main parts:

Anterior Pituitary Hormones:

Growth Hormone (GH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Prolactin

Posterior Pituitary Hormones:

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

These hormones regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and water balance.

Question 3: How is oxygen transported in the body?

Answer:
Oxygen is transported from the lungs to body tissues mainly through hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Transport occurs in two ways:

Oxyhemoglobin formation:
Oxygen binds with hemoglobin in the lungs.

Dissolved oxygen in plasma:
A small amount of oxygen dissolves directly in blood plasma.

This oxygen is then delivered to tissues where it is used for cellular respiration and energy production.