Subject Code: KCE055
Subject Name: Engineering Hydrology
Course: B.Tech (Semester V)
Maximum Marks: 100
Duration: 3 Hours
Exam Year: 2023–24
Sections: A, B, and C
SECTION A – Short Answer Questions (2 × 10 = 20 Marks)
Attempt all questions briefly.
a. What is rain gauge density?
b. Write a short note on direct runoff hydrograph.
c. Write down the limitations of the rational formula.
d. Define specific capacity and specific yield of a well.
e. Explain artificial recharge and natural recharge.
f. Write a short note on well maintenance.
g. What do you mean by hydrologic reservoir routing?
h. Define runoff coefficient.
i. Explain the importance of Engineering Hydrology.
j. Explain artificial recharge and natural recharge (repeated).
SECTION B – Medium-Length Questions (10 × 3 = 30 Marks)
Attempt any three of the following.
Differentiate between confined aquifer and unconfined aquifer.
What is probable maximum precipitation (PMP)? Explain methods of estimation.
What do you mean by flood control? Discuss structural methods used for flood mitigation.
Describe various methods for determination of average precipitation.
Given data problem — compute change in storage and storage volume for a river reach:
Initial storage = 60 × 10³ m³
Inflow and outflow data for 2 hours provided.
SECTION C – Long / Analytical Questions (10 × 5 = 50 Marks)
Q3. Hydrological Cycle
a. Explain the hydrological cycle in detail with a neat sketch.
OR
b. What is evaporation? Describe its measurement and estimation methods.
Q4. Water Budget & Groundwater Flow
a. Explain the purpose of the water budget equation in hydrology.
Derive expression for catchment water budget and describe each term.
OR
b. Derive equation for discharge from an unconfined aquifer using Dupuit’s theory for steady and radial flow (include diagram).
Q5. Unit Hydrograph & Flood Routing
a. Define unit hydrograph and explain its assumptions and uses.
OR
b. Define flood routing, explain categories of routing (hydrologic & hydraulic), and list basic equations used.
Q6. Wells & Flood Control
a. What is well development? Explain any two methods of well development.
OR
b. Discuss flood control and explain various structural methods (dams, levees, reservoirs).
Q7. Tube Wells & S-Curve Hydrograph
a. What is a tube well? Explain types of tube wells with neat sketches.
OR
b. Explain S-curve hydrograph — concept, construction, and applications.
Key Topics to Prepare
Hydrological Fundamentals
Hydrological cycle — processes and significance.
Rain gauge density — optimum number and spacing of gauges.
Direct runoff hydrograph and unit hydrograph concepts.
Specific yield, specific capacity, and aquifer types (confined/unconfined).
Hydrologic Analysis
Rational formula: assumptions, applications, and limitations.
Runoff coefficient — definition, factors, and usage in design.
Water budget equation — P = R + ET + ΔS (precipitation balance).
Precipitation & Evaporation
PMP estimation methods: empirical, statistical, and physical approaches.
Average precipitation: Thiessen polygon, isohyetal, and arithmetic mean methods.
Evaporation: measurement using pan evaporimeter, energy balance, and mass transfer methods.
Floods & Routing
Flood control structures: dams, levees, floodways, detention basins.
Flood routing: hydrologic (storage-based) and hydraulic (Saint-Venant equations).
Reservoir routing equations and practical applications.
Groundwater Hydrology
Dupuit’s steady-flow theory for wells.
Well development and maintenance techniques.
Artificial recharge — objectives, methods, and benefits.
Hydrographs
Direct runoff, unit, and S-curve hydrographs — theory and transformations.
Superposition and unit hydrograph derivation.
Study Tips
Memorize formulas — Rational formula, water budget, infiltration, and Dupuit’s equation.
Draw neat labeled diagrams — hydrological cycle, aquifer sections, hydrographs.
Revise differences — confined vs unconfined aquifers, hydrologic vs hydraulic routing.
Understand applications — flood management, groundwater recharge, and irrigation.
Solve numerical problems — storage change, PMP estimation, and well discharge.
