(SEM V) THEORY EXAMINATION 2023-24 WEARABLE COMPUTING, MIXED REALITY AND INTERNET OF EVERYTHING

Course: B.Tech (Open Elective / Emerging Technologies)

Semester: V

Subject Code: KOT053

Subject Title: Wearable Computing, Mixed Reality and Internet of Everything

Maximum Marks: 100

Duration: 3 Hours

Paper Format:

Section A: Short conceptual questions (20 marks)    Section B: Descriptive and analytical questions (30 marks)  Section C: Detailed analytical / application questions (50 marks)

SECTION A — Short Answer Questions (10 × 2 = 20 Marks)

Each question carries 2 marks.

a. Different kinds of Microcontrollers:

Examples: 8051, PIC, ARM, AVR, Arduino, Raspberry Pi Pico.

b. Basic working of a Sensor:

Detects physical parameters (temperature, motion, pressure, light) and converts them into electrical signals for processing.

c. Types of Software (with example):

System Software (Operating System), Application Software (MS Word, MATLAB), Embedded Software (firmware in microcontrollers).

d. Open Framework Concept:

Open-source platforms allowing integration of hardware, software, and APIs for creative and technical coding (e.g., openFrameworks, Processing).

e. Cybernetics:

Study of control and communication in living organisms and machines; focuses on feedback systems and automation.

f. IoT in Smart Cities:

IoT connects public utilities (lighting, traffic, waste management) via sensors and cloud systems for automation and efficiency.

g. Internet of Things (IoT) Example:

Smart thermostats, wearable health bands, connected cars.

h. Wearable Computing:

Integration of computer systems into wearable items (smartwatches, AR glasses) for real-time data monitoring and connectivity.

i. Internet of Everything (IoE):

Extension of IoT — connects people, data, process, and things for intelligent decision-making.

j. IoT vs IoE:

IoT: Focuses on things (devices).

IoE: Broader — includes human and data interactions with devices.

SECTION B — Descriptive Questions (3 × 10 = 30 Marks)

Attempt any three of the following:

a. History of Microcontrollers and Creative Coding Platforms:

Microcontrollers evolved from Intel’s 4004 (1971) to today’s ARM-based chips.

Creative platforms like Arduino IDE and openFrameworks make programming accessible for embedded art and IoT projects.

b. Analog vs Digital Signals & ADC Working:

Analog: Continuous signals (temperature).

Digital: Discrete binary signals (0,1).

ADC (Analog to Digital Converter): Converts analog input to digital output using sampling and quantization.

c. Advanced Integrated Circuit Interfacing Techniques:

Includes SPI, I²C, UART, GPIO, and PWM connections between microcontrollers and peripherals.

d. Issues in Augmented Reality (AR) Implementation:

Hardware limitations, latency, motion sickness, privacy, calibration accuracy, and power consumption.

e. IoE in Smart Cities:

IoE enables data-driven governance by interlinking devices, sensors, and citizens — improving traffic control, public safety, and energy use.

SECTION C — Long / Analytical Questions (5 × 10 = 50 Marks)

Attempt one part from each question (Q3–Q7).

Q3. Sensors & Interfaces

(a) Different Sensors in Microcontrollers:

Temperature (LM35), Ultrasonic, PIR motion, Gas, Pressure, and IR sensors.

Used for automation, environmental monitoring, and wearable health systems.

(b) Interface and its Role:

Interface acts as a bridge between hardware and users, using communication protocols and drivers to ensure data exchange.

Q4. Communication

(a) Serial UART Communication:

Asynchronous transmission using TX (transmit) and RX (receive) pins.

Data flow format: Start bit → Data bits → Parity → Stop bit.

Common baud rates: 9600, 115200 bps.

(b) Serial vs Parallel Communication:

Serial: One bit at a time (long distance, low cost).

Parallel: Multiple bits simultaneously (short distance, faster).

Interfaces: USB, SPI, I²C.

Q5. Peripheral Interface & Augmented Reality

(a) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI):

Uses master-slave architecture with four wires (MOSI, MISO, SCK, SS).

Used for high-speed communication in displays, memory cards, and sensors.

(b) Humanistic Intelligence in AR:

Merges human cognition and machine intelligence.

Example: AR headsets interpreting gestures or emotions to enhance interactivity (e.g., Microsoft HoloLens).

Q6. Sensors & AR Architecture

(a) Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in Wearable Computing:

Sensors collect body data (heart rate, movement) → transmitted via Bluetooth/Wi-Fi → processed in mobile/cloud apps for health insights.

(b) Free Roaming Augmented Reality:

Users move freely in real-world environments with AR overlays tracked via GPS and SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping).

Q7. IoE & Smart Cities

(a) Future Prospects of WSN with IoE:

Enables predictive maintenance, adaptive traffic control, and energy-efficient smart grids.

Integration with AI and 5G will make cities more autonomous and responsive.

(b) Challenges in IoE Implementation:

Data Security and Privacy: Sensitive citizen data may be misused.

Interoperability: Diverse devices from multiple vendors.

Scalability: Managing large numbers of devices.

Cost and Infrastructure: Requires heavy initial investment.

Key Topics Covered

Microcontrollers & sensors                                       Serial and parallel communication

Augmented and mixed reality concepts                   Wearable and IoT systems integration

Human-machine intelligence and smart cities          Cybernetics and IoE frameworks