(SEM V) THEORY EXAMINATION 2023-24 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

Course: B.Tech (All Branches – Common Elective)                       Semester: V

Subject Code: KOT501                                                                 Title: Introduction to Internet of Things

Maximum Marks: 100                                                                 Duration: 3 Hours

Exam Type: Theory

Structure:

Section A: Short conceptual questions — 20 marks

Section B: Descriptive — 30 marks

Section C: Analytical/Application-based — 50 marks

SECTION A – Short Answer Questions (10 × 2 = 20 Marks)

All questions are compulsory.

MAC Protocol:

Medium Access Control protocol defines how data packets are transmitted between multiple network nodes efficiently and without collision in IoT networks.

Coding using Emulator & Libraries:

Coding allows simulation of IoT programs before hardware deployment using IDEs and libraries (e.g., Arduino, Python).

Arithmetic operations like addition and multiplication are executed via functions and loops in emulated environments.

IoT Supported Hardware:

Includes Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ESP32, BeagleBone, and sensors that support communication protocols like Wi-Fi, BLE, and Zigbee.

ARM Cortex Concept:

ARM Cortex is a family of 32-bit/64-bit RISC-based processor cores designed for high performance and low power consumption — used in embedded IoT systems.

Data Aggregation & Dissemination:

Aggregation: Combining sensor data to remove redundancy.

Dissemination: Distributing processed data to other nodes or cloud systems.

Data Modeling using ER Model:

Involves entities, attributes, and relationships represented using ER diagrams to model IoT databases.

Applications of IoT:

Smart Metering, e-Health, City Automation, Automotive applications (e.g., connected cars).

Data Independence and Database Interfaces:

The ability to modify a database schema without affecting the application layer.

Interfaces: SQL, APIs, and query languages.

Design Challenges in IoT:

Connectivity, scalability, power consumption, interoperability, and security.

Data Communication with Hardware Units:

Achieved using wireless or wired protocols like MQTT, CoAP, Zigbee, and UART communication.

 SECTION B – Descriptive Questions (3 × 10 = 30 Marks)

Attempt any three out of five.

Concept and Architecture of IoT:

IoT connects physical devices via sensors and communication networks.

Architecture: Perception Layer → Network Layer → Application Layer.

Design & Affordability: Modular architecture, open-source platforms, and cloud services reduce cost.

Sensors and Actuators (with diagrams):

Sensors: Convert physical input (temperature, pressure) to electrical signals.

Actuators: Convert electrical signals into motion or control actions.

Example: A temperature sensor triggering a fan (actuator).

Network & Communication in IoT:

Wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, BLE, Zigbee, LoRa).

MAC protocols manage channel access; data aggregation optimizes transmission.

Arduino IDE & Programming:

An open-source development environment used for writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino boards.

Functions like setup() and loop() define program initialization and continuous execution.

Design & Security Challenges:

Design: Interoperability, low power operation.

Development: Real-time data handling, multi-device compatibility.

Security: Data encryption, access control, authentication.

SECTION C – Analytical / Application-Based Questions (5 × 10 = 50 Marks)

Each numbered question has two parts (a or b); attempt one from each.

Q3 – IoT Architecture

(a) Communication technologies, data enrichment, and consolidation for IoT:

Technologies: Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRa, 5G, Bluetooth.

Data enrichment: Adds context and accuracy through preprocessing.

Affordability: Achieved via scalable hardware and open platforms.

(b) IoT/M2M Layers and Standardization:           Layers: Device, Network, and Application.

Standards: ISO, IEEE, IETF, ITU for device interoperability.

Q4 – IoT Hardware

(a) Hardware for IoT and comparison:      RFID: Used for object tracking (short-range, low cost).

Wireless Sensor Networks: Multi-node data collection with low power and higher coverage.

(b) Embedded Platforms for IoT:**

Raspberry Pi: High processing capability, Linux-based.

BeagleBone: Advanced GPIO access.            Intel Galileo: x86-based, supports Arduino IDE.

ARM Cortex: Low power, ideal for embedded IoT nodes.

Q5 – Sensors and Protocols

(a) Sensor Deployment & Node Discovery:**

Node discovery uses algorithms (e.g., flooding or beaconing) to locate and register sensor nodes within a network.

(b) Wireless Medium Access & Routing:**  Medium Access: Managed through CSMA/CA or TDMA.

Routing Protocols: AODV, RPL, and DSR for energy-efficient communication.

Q6 – Arduino Programming

(a) Arduino IDE and Board Anatomy:**    IDE Components: Code editor, compiler, serial monitor.

Board Anatomy: Microcontroller, USB port, digital/analog pins, power pins.

(b) Arduino Application Programming:**

Example: Smart temperature system — sensor reads data, Arduino processes, actuator responds.

Steps: Initialize → Read Sensor → Process → Output.

Q7 – Applications and Case Study

(a) IoT Applications and Challenges:**          Smart Homes, e-Health, Agriculture, Industry 4.0.

Challenges: Power management, security, network reliability.

Mobile & Tablet Features: Real-time monitoring via apps, push notifications, cloud integration.

(b) Smart Street Lights & Home Automation:**

Street Lights: Sensor-based illumination using motion and light detection.

Home Automation: Wi-Fi/Bluetooth-controlled devices; communication via MQTT or HTTP protocols.

 Key Topics Covered

IoT architecture and frameworks                              Hardware components (Sensors, Actuators, Boards)

Communication protocols and MAC mechanisms    Arduino IDE and embedded coding

Smart city and automation applications                   IoT design, security, and scalability challenges